i-formic acid

1. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-formic acid kanye nenqubekelaphambili yocwaningo kumaseli amafutha
Njengento yokugcina i-hydrogen, i-formic acid ingakhipha inani elikhulu le-hydrogen ukuze isetshenziswe ngokusabela okufanele lapho kudingeka, futhi iyindawo ephakathi ezinzile yokusetshenziswa okubanzi nokuthuthwa okuphephile kwamandla e-hydrogen.
I-Formic acid ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini namakhemikhali kuphela, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela entsha yokuncibilikisa iqhwa emgwaqeni evumelana nemvelo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
I-asidi ye-formic ingasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza ama-fuel cell cell asebenzisa i-formic acid ngqo njengempahla eluhlaza. Ngokuphendula i-formic acid ne-oxygen ukuze kukhiqizwe i-carbon dioxide namanzi, ama-fuel cell angaphehla ugesi ukuze anike amandla amadivaysi amancane aphathekayo afana nomakhalekhukhwini namakhompyutha aphathekayo.
Amaseli kaphethiloli endabuko ikakhulukazi ama-hydrogen fuel cell kanye nama-methanol fuel cell. Imikhawulo yamaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen izindleko eziphezulu zeziqukathi ze-hydrogen ezincane, ukuminyana kwamandla amancane e-hydrogen enegesi, kanye nokuthuthwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen okungaba yingozi; Nakuba i-methanol inomthamo omkhulu wamandla, izinga layo le-electrocatalytic oxidation liphansi kakhulu kunele-hydrogen, futhi i-methanol inobuthi, okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi. I-formic acid iwuketshezi ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, inobuthi obuncane, futhi inamandla amakhulu e-electromotive kune-hydrogen ne-methanol, ngakho-ke amaseli kaphethiloli we-formic acid anamandla amakhulu kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen ne-methanol fuel cell [9-10]. I-Direct formic acid fuel cell (i-DFAFC) iyisizukulwane esisha sokuphakelwa kukagesi ephathwayo nephathwayo ngenxa yenqubo yayo elula yokukhiqiza, amandla athile aphezulu kanye namandla. Ubuchwepheshe buguqula amandla amakhemikhali agcinwe ku-formic acid kanye ne-oxygen ngqo kugesi.
Ibhethri, uma lithuthukisiwe, lizokwazi ukunikeza cishe ama-watts angu-10 wamandla ngokuqhubekayo, okusho ukuthi lingasebenzisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezincane eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengomthombo wamandla, amaseli amafutha e-formic acid aqondile anezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle nokukhanya, njengokuthi akukho plug-in charge, uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-lithium-ion. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bukhula, kulindeleke ukuthi buqhudelane namabhethri e-lithium emakethe encane yokuphakelwa kukagesi. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaseli kaphethiloli we-formic acid anezinzuzo zokungashisi, okungashi, ukugcinwa nokuthutha okulula, umsebenzi we-electrochemical, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukuhanjiswa kwe-proton, ukudlulisa okuncane kulwelwesi lokushintshana kwe-proton, futhi angakhiqiza amandla amakhulu okukhipha. ukuminyana ekushiseni okuphansi, okuvame ukuthandwa ochwepheshe embonini. Imboni yezogesi ingaba yindlalifa enkulu uma amabhethri anjalo esebenza. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko, i-formic acid fuel cell izobonisa ithemba elihle lokusetshenziswa kwemboni ngenxa yezimpawu zayo zokonga amandla nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
I-Formic acid, njengomkhiqizo wamakhemikhali onenani eliphakeme elingeziwe ekucutshungulweni kwe-carbon dioxide nasekukhiqizeni kabusha izinto ezingavuthiwe zamakhemikhali, iwumkhiqizo owengeziwe womjikelezo wekhabhoni futhi wehlisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngokuzayo, kuzoba nomthelela obalulekile ekugayweni kabusha kwekhabhoni namandla kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinsiza.

2. I-Formic acid i-formic acid. Ingabe i-formic acid i-acetic acid?
I-Formic acid ayiyona i-acetic, i-acetic ayiyona i-formic acid, i-formic acid i-formic acid. Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi uXiaobian uyisikhumba kakhulu, empeleni, uXiaobian uqotho kakhulu kuwena ukwethula lezi zinto ezimbili ezihlukene zamakhemikhali.
I-Formic acid ibizwa nangokuthi i-formic acid futhi inefomula ethi HCOOH. I-Formic acid ayinambala kodwa iyahlaba futhi iyabangela, iqhuma bese ibabomvu lapho ithinta isikhumba somuntu. I-formaldehyde inezimfanelo zazo zombili i-asidi ne-aldehyde. Embonini yamakhemikhali, i-formic acid isetshenziselwa irabha, imithi, udayi, izimboni zesikhumba. I-Formic acid, ngegama layo elivamile, i-carboxylic acid elula. Uketshezi olungenambala olunephunga elimnandi. I-electrolyte ebuthakathaka, indawo yokuncibilika engu-8.6, indawo yokubilisa engu-100.7. Ine-acidic kakhulu futhi i-caustic, futhi ingacasula isikhumba sibe namabhamuza. Itholakala ekusithekeni kwezinyosi nezintuthwane ezithile namacimbi.
i-formic acid (i-formic acid) iyi-asidi ye-carboxylic enciphisayo enekhabhoni eyodwa. Ngaphambilini kwatholakala ezintuthwaneni, yingakho kuthiwa i-formic acid.
I-acetic acid, ebizwa nangokuthi i-acetic acid (36% -38%), i-glacial acetic acid (98%), ifomula yamakhemikhali CH3COOH, iwuhlobo lwe-organic monic acid, njengengxenye eyinhloko kaviniga. I-anhydrous acetic acid ehlanzekile (i-glacial acetic acid) iyi-hygroscopic solid engenambala enephuzu lokuqandisa elingu-16.6℃ kanye nekristalu engenambala ngemva kokuqina. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi sine-asidi ebuthakathaka futhi siyaguguleka, futhi isitimu sinomphumela ocasulayo emehlweni nasemakhaleni.
I-asidi ye-Formic isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezemithi, i-rubber coagulant, indwangu, ukuphrinta nokudaya, i-electroplating, izinkambu zesikhumba, iyimpahla eyisisekelo yemboni yamakhemikhali e-organic, evame ukusetshenziswa embonini ngokuyinhloko ibhekisela ku-85% ye-formic acid.

3. Uwakhipha kanjani amanzi kwi-formic acid?
I-formic acid ukususa amanzi, ingangeza i-anhydrous copper sulfate, i-anhydrous magnesium sulfate ukususa amanzi, lezi zindlela zamakhemikhali, ngaphezu kwemiyalelo ethile.
(1) Ukuwisa uketshezi lwe-sulfuric acid olugxilile ku-formic acid, kufanele lwengezwe ngefaneli yesihlukanisi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikhethe idivayisi ②; Isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide, isisombululo se-calcium hydroxide singamunca igesi encane ye-formic acid exutshwe ku-CO, kodwa amandla okumunca esisombululo se-sodium hydroxide sinamandla kunesixazululo se-calcium hydroxide. Ngakho-ke, idivayisi ozikhethela ③;
(2) Igesi ye-carbon monoxide gesi ekhiqiziwe ikhishwa ku-B, isuka ku-D iye kwisisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuze isuse igesi ye-formic acid, futhi isuka ku-C; Bese ungena usuka kwa-G, ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo. Ukuncishiswa kwe-carbon monoxide ye-copper oxide, igesi esuka ku-H, bese isuka ku-F iye esixazululweni se-calcium hydroxide, ukuhlola isizukulwane se-carbon dioxide. Ngakho-ke, ukulandelana kokuxhumana kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sensimbi ngayinye yilena: B, D, C, G, H, F.
(3) Ngaphansi kwesimo sokushisisa, i-copper oxide iyancipha ibe yithusi, ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kokushisa kuze kube sekupheleni kokuhlolwa, ukuguqulwa kombala we-copper oxide powder uthi: omnyama uba bomvu, i-equation yokusabela ithi: CuO+ CO
△ Ku+CO2.
(4) Ekuphenduleni ukukhiqiza i-CO, i-sulfuric acid egxilile isusa i-formic acid ukukhiqiza i-carbon monoxide, edlala indima yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
Impendulo ithi:
(1) ②, ③;
(2) BDCGHF;
(3) Okumnyama kuya kokubomvu, CuO+CO △Cu+CO2;
(4) ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.

4. Incazelo yezakhiwo, ukuzinza nezindlela zokugcina ze-anhydrous formic acid
I-formic acid iphakeme kunama-95% ukuze ibe i-formic acid egxilile, ukugxila ngaphezu kuka-99.5% eyaziwa ngokuthi i-anhydrous formic acid, iyimpahla eyisisekelo yemboni yamakhemikhali e-organic, isetshenziswe kabanzi kumakhemikhali ekhemikhali, i-rubber coagulant, indwangu, ukuphrinta nokudaya. , i-electroplating, isikhumba kanye nezinye izinkambu, lokhu kanye nezakhiwo ze-anhydrous formic acid nokuzinza akunakuhlukaniswa, ezimpahleni nasekuzinzeni kwe-anhydrous formic acid nezindlela zokugcina ezichazwe kanje:
Izakhiwo nokuzinza kwe-anhydrous formic acid:
1. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali: I-Formic acid iyi-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla futhi ingakhiqiza ukusabela kwesibuko esisiliva. I-acidic ngaphezulu ku-saturated fatty acids, futhi i-dissociation constant yi-2.1 × 10-4. Iqhekeka kancane ibe yi-carbon monoxide namanzi asezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile. Ngokushisa okugxilile kwe-sulfuric acid 60 ~ 80 ℃, ukubola kukhipha i-carbon monoxide. I-Formic acid iyabola ukuze ikhiphe i-carbon dioxide ne-hydrogen uma ishisiswe ngaphezu kuka-160 ℃. Usawoti wensimbi ye-alkali we-formic acid ushisiswe ku-**400 ℃ ukuze wenze i-oxalate.
2. I-Formic acid incibilikisa amafutha. Ukuhogela umhwamuko we-formic acid kungabangela ukucasuka okukhulu ku- mucosa yamakhala kanye nowomlomo futhi kungaholela ekuvuvukeni. Gqoka imaski yokuzivikela kanye namagilavu ​​enjoloba lapho uphethe i-fomic acid egxilile. Indawo yokusebenzela kufanele ibe nemishini yokugeza izandla neyokugeza amehlo, indawo yokusebenza kufanele ibe nomoya omuhle, futhi izinga eliphakeme elivumelekile le-fomic acid emoyeni ngaphakathi kwendawo yomngcele ngu-5*10-6. Izisulu zokuhogela umoya kufanele zisuke endaweni yesigameko ngokushesha, zihogele umoya ohlanzekile, futhi zihogele u-2% we-athomu ye-sodium bicarbonate. Uma usungcoliswe i-formic acid, geza ngokushesha ngamanzi amaningi, qaphela ukuthi ungasuli ngendwangu emanzi.
3. Ukuzinza: Ukuzinza
4. Ingozi ye-Polymerization: Akukho ukupholisa
5. Inhlanganisela engavunyelwe: i-oxidant enamandla, i-alkali enamandla, impushana yensimbi esebenzayo
Indlela yokugcina i-Anhydrous formic acid:
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-anhydrous formic acid: Gcina endaweni yokugcina impahla epholile, enomoya. Gcina kude nomlilo nokushisa. Izinga lokushisa lekamelo lokugcina alidluli ku-32℃, futhi umswakama ohlobene aweqi ama-80%. Gcina isitsha sivaliwe. Kufanele igcinwe ngokuhlukana ne-oxidizer, i-alkali kanye nempushana yensimbi esebenzayo, futhi akufanele ihlanganiswe. Ifakwe izinhlobonhlobo ezihambisanayo kanye nenani lamathuluzi omlilo. Indawo yokugcina kufanele ifakwe izinto zokwelashwa eziphuthumayo ezivuzayo kanye nezinto zokubamba ezifanele.

5. I-Formic acid iwumkhiqizo wamakhemikhali ovame kakhulu empilweni yethu.
Kubantu abaningi, isici esiyinhloko se-formic acid iphunga layo elibukhali, elingazwakala kude, kodwa lokhu kubuye kube umbono wabantu abaningi ku-formic acid.
Ngakho-ke yini i-formic acid? Isetshenziselwa luphi uhlobo? Ibonakala kuphi ezimpilweni zethu? Ima, abantu abaningi abakwazi ukuphendula lokho.
Eqinisweni, kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-formic acid ayiwona umkhiqizo womphakathi ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuyiqonda, noma ukuba nolwazi oluthile, umsebenzi noma umkhawulo womsebenzi.
Njengomuntu ongenambala, kodwa kukhona iphunga elimnandi loketshezi, libuye libe ne-asidi eqinile futhi libola, uma singaqapheli ukusebenzisa iminwe noma enye indawo yesikhumba futhi sithintane nayo ngokuqondile, khona-ke ubuso besikhumba buyoba ngenxa yokucasula kwayo. amagwebu aqondile, kudingeka abonane nodokotela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze athole ukwelashwa.
Kodwa nakuba i-formic acid ijwayele ukuqwashisa umphakathi, empilweni yangempela, empeleni ingenye yemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali esetshenziswa kakhulu, ayiveli kuphela kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu, kunezinkambu eziningi ongazange ucabange ngazo, empeleni. , i-formic acid ikhona, futhi yenza iminikelo eminingi. Bamba isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu.
I-Formic acid ingatholakala ezimbonini ezifana nezibulala-zinambuzane, isikhumba, odayi, imithi kanye nenjoloba, uma unaka kancane.
I-Formic acid nezixazululo ezinamanzi ze-formic acid azikwazi nje ukuncibilikisa i-oxide yensimbi, i-hydroxides nezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, kodwa futhi amafomethi abawakhiqizayo angancibilika emanzini, ngakho-ke angasetshenziswa njengama-agent okuhlanza amakhemikhali.
Ngaphezu kwezicelo ezingenhla, i-formic acid ingasetshenziswa futhi ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
1. Imithi: i-vitamin B1, i-mebendazole, i-aminopyrine, njll;
2, izibulala-zinambuzane: i-powder rust ning, i-triazolone, i-tricyclozole, i-triamidazole, i-polybulozole, i-tenobulozole, i-ether ye-insecticidal, njll.;
3. I-Chemistry: i-calcium formate, i-sodium formate, i-ammonium formate, i-potassium formate, i-ethyl formate, i-barium formate, i-formamide, i-raber antioxidant, i-neopentyl glycol, i-epoxy soya oil, i-epoxy octyl soya oil, i-tervalyl chloride, isikhiphi sikapende, i-phenolic resin, insimbi yokuqoqa. ipuleti, njll.;
4, isikhumba: ukulungiswa ukushuka isikhumba, deashing ejenti kanye neutralizing ejenti;
5, irabha: i-coagulant yerabha yemvelo;
I-6, abanye: ukuphrinta nokudaya i-mordant, i-fiber ne-ejenti yokudaya iphepha, i-ejenti yokwelapha, i-plasticizer, ukulondolozwa kokudla kanye nezithasiselo zokudla kwezilwane, njll.