Ukulungiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-glacial acetic acid

Ukulungiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-glacial acetic acid

I-acetic acid, futhi ebizwai-acetic acid, i-glacial acetic acid, ifomula yamakhemikhaliCH3COOH, i-organic monic acid kanye ne-short-chain saturated fatty acid, engumthombo we-asidi nephunga elimnandi kuviniga. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, kubizwa ngokuthi “i-acetic acid", kodwa i-acetic acid ehlanzekile necishe ibe ne-anhydrous (ngaphansi kuka-1% wamanzi) ibizwa ngokuthi "i-glacial acetic acid“, okuyi-hygroscopic solid engenambala enephuzu eliqandayo lika-16 kuya ku-17° C (62° F), futhi ngemva kokuqina, iyikristalu engenambala. Nakuba i-acetic acid iyi-asidi ebuthakathaka, iyagqwala, umhwamuko wayo ucasula amehlo nasemakhaleni, futhi inuka phuqu futhi imuncu.

umlando

Isidingo sonyaka emhlabeni wonke sonyakai-acetic acid cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyisi-6.5. Kulokhu, cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.5 agaywa kabusha futhi amathani asele ayizigidi ezi-5 akhiqizwa ngokuqondile ku-petrochemical feedstocks noma ngokuvutshelwa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ii-glacial acetic acid amagciwane abilayo (i-Acetobacter) angatholakala kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, futhi zonke izizwe nakanjani ziyawuthola uviniga lapho zenza iwayini - umkhiqizo wemvelo walezi ziphuzo ezidakayo ezitholakala emoyeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eChina kunesisho esithi indodana kaDu Kang, iBlack Tower, yathola uviniga ngoba yenza iwayini isikhathi eside.

Ukusetshenziswa kwei-glacial acetic acidku-chemistry ihlehlela ezikhathini zasendulo kakhulu. Ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uTheophrastus sachaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-acetic acid isabela kanjani ngezinsimbi ukuze kukhiqizwe amabalazwe asetshenziswa kwezobuciko, okuhlanganisa umthofu omhlophe (i-lead carbonate) kanye ne-patina (ingxube kasawoti wethusi okuhlanganisa ne-acetate yethusi). AmaRoma asendulo ayebilisa iwayini elimuncu ezitsheni zomthofu ukuze akhiqize isiraphu emnandi kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi i-sapa. i-sapa yayinothe ngoshukela omthofu onephunga elimnandi, i-lead acetate, eyabangela ubuthi bomthofu phakathi kwezikhulu zaseRoma. Ngekhulu lesi-8, isazi se-alchemist sasePheresiya uJaber wagxilisa i-acetic acid kuviniga ngokwenza i-distillation.

Ngo-1847, usosayensi waseJalimane u-Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe wahlanganisa i-acetic acid ephuma ezintweni ezingaphili ngokokuqala ngqa. Inqubo yalokhu kusabela i-carbon disulfide yokuqala ngokusebenzisa i-chlorination ibe yi-carbon tetrachloride, ilandelwa ukubola kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kwe-tetrachlorethylene ngemva kwe-hydrolysis, kanye ne-chlorination, ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize i-trichloroacetic acid, isinyathelo sokugcina sokunciphisa i-electrolytic ukukhiqiza i-acetic acid.

Ngo-1910, iningi lazoi-glacial acetic acid yayikhishwa etiyeleni lamalahle okhunini olujikijelwayo. Okokuqala, i-coal tar iphathwa nge-calcium hydroxide, bese i-calcium acetate eyenziwe i-acidified nge-sulfuric acid ukuze ithole i-acetic acid kuyo. Cishe amathani ayi-10,000 e-glacial acetic acid akhiqizwa eJalimane ngalesi sikhathi, u-30% wawo wasetshenziselwa ukwenza udayi we-indigo.

ukulungiselela

I-glacial acetic acid ingalungiswa nge-artificial synthesis kanye nokuvutshelwa kwamagciwane. Namuhla, i-biosynthesis, ukusetshenziswa kwe-bacterium fermentation, i-akhawunti ye-10% kuphela yomkhiqizo ophelele wezwe, kodwa kuseyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhiqiza uviniga, ngoba imithetho yokuphepha kokudla emazweni amaningi idinga ukuthi uviniga ekudleni ulungiswe ngokwezinto eziphilayo. 75% wei-acetic acid ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni kukhiqizwa yi-carbonylation ye-methanol. Izingxenye ezingenalutho zihlanganiswa ngezinye izindlela.

sebenzisa

I-glacial acetic acid iyi-asidi ye-carboxylic elula, ehlanganisa iqembu elilodwa le-methyl kanye neqembu elilodwa le-carboxylic, futhi iyi-reagent yamakhemikhali ebalulekile. Embonini yamakhemikhali, isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-polyethylene terephthalate, ingxenye eyinhloko yamabhodlela esiphuzo.I-glacial acetic acid iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza i-cellulose acetate yefilimu kanye ne-polyvinyl acetate yezinamatheliso zokhuni, kanye nezintambo eziningi zokwenziwa nezindwangu. Ekhaya, hlanza isixazululo se i-glacial acetic acidngokuvamile isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokwehlisa. Embonini yokudla, i-acetic acid icaciswa njengesilawuli se-acidity ohlwini lwezithako zokudla E260.

I-glacial acetic acidiyi-reagent yamakhemikhali eyisisekelo esetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni izinhlanganisela eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwe i-acetic acid ukulungiswa kwe-vinyl acetate monomer, okulandelwa ukulungiswa kwe-acetic anhydride namanye ama-esters. Ii-acetic acid kuviniga ingxenyana encane kuphela yazo zonkei-acetic acid.

Isixazululo se-acetic acid esihlanjululwe sivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokususa ukugqwala ngenxa ye-asidi ethambile. I-acidity yayo iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwelapha ukulunywa okubangelwa i-Cubomedusae futhi, uma isetshenziswa ngesikhathi, ingavimbela ukulimala okubi noma ngisho nokufa ngokukhubaza amangqamuzana ahlabayo e-jellyfish. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ukulungiselela ukwelashwa kwe-otitis yangaphandle ngeVosol.I-acetic acid ibuye isetshenziswe njengesivimbeli sokufuthwa ukuze kuvinjwe ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nesikhunta.