Ubunzima be-silage buhlukile ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo, isigaba sokukhula kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Ezitshalweni zokusetshenziswa okunzima ukuziqoqa (i-carbohydrate ephansi, amanzi amaningi, i-buffering ephezulu), i-semi-dry silage, i-silage exutshwe noma i-additive silage ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa.
Ukwengezwa kwe-methyl (ant) acid silage kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ye-acid silage phesheya. Izisele zaseNorway ezicishe zibe ngu-70 zengeziwei-formic acid, i-United Kingdom kusukela ngo-1968 nayo ibisetshenziswa kabanzi, umthamo wayo ngu-2.85 kg ngethani le-silage eluhlaza engeziwe85 i-formic acid, i-United States ngethani ngalinye lezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-silage zengeze i-90 formic acid 4.53 kg. Yiqiniso, inanii-formic acidiyahlukahluka ngokugxila kwayo, ubunzima besilaji kanye nenjongo yesisele, futhi inani elingeziwe ngokuvamile liyi-0.3 kuya ku-0.5 yesisindo se-silage eluhlaza, noma 2 kuya ku-4ml/kg.
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I-Formic acid iyi-asidi eqinile kuma-asidi ephilayo, futhi inekhono eliqinile lokunciphisa, iwumkhiqizo wokupheka. Ukwengezwa kwei-formic acid kungcono kunokwengezwa kwama-asidi angaphili njenge-H2SO4 ne-HCl, ngoba ama-asidi angaphili anemiphumela yokwenza i-asidi kuphela, futhi i-formic acid ayikwazi nje ukunciphisa inani le-pH yesisele, kodwa futhi ivimbele ukuphefumula kwesitshalo kanye nama-microorganisms amabi (i-Clostridium, i-bacillus namanye amagciwane angenayo igram) ukuvutshelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-formic acid ingabola ibe yi-CO2 ne-CH4 engenabuthi emfuyweni ngesikhathi sokugaywa kwe-silage kanye ne-rumen, kanyei-formic acid yona ngokwayo ingamuncwa futhi isetshenziswe. I-silage eyenziwe nge-formic acid inombala oluhlaza okotshani, iphunga elimnandi kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi ukulahlekelwa ukubola kwamaprotheni kungu-0.3~0.5 kuphela, kuyilapho ngokuvamile i-silage ifika ku-1.1~1.3. Njengomphumela wokwengeza i-formic acid ku-alfalfa kanye ne-clover silage, i-fiber engahluziwe yehliswa ngo-5.2 ~ 6.4, futhi i-fiber encishisiwe engcolile yafakwa nge-hydrolyzed yaba ama-oligosaccharides, ayengamuncwa futhi asetshenziswe izilwane, kuyilapho i-fiber engcolile evamile yehliswa kuphela. ngo-1.1~1.3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwengezai-formic acidi-silage ingenza ukulahlekelwa kwe-carotene, uvithamini C, i-calcium, i-phosphorus nezinye izakhi zibe ngaphansi kwe-silage evamile.
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2.1 Umthelela we-formic acid ku-pH
Nakubai-formic acid i-acidic kakhulu emndenini we-fatty acid, ibuthakathaka kakhulu kune-inorganic acids esetshenziswa ohlelweni lwe-AIV. Ukunciphisa i-pH yezitshalo ibe ngaphansi kuka-4.0,i-formic acid ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa ngobuningi. Ukwengezwa kwe-formic acid kungehlisa inani le-pH ngokushesha esigabeni sokuqala sesisele, kodwa kunemiphumela ehlukile enanini le-pH yokugcina yesisele. Izinga laphoi-formic acid izinguquko pH nazo zithintwa izici eziningi. Inani lamabhaktheriya e-lactic acid (LAB) lehle ngesigamu futhi i-pH yesisele inyuke kancane ngokungeza85 i-formic acid4ml/kg ukuze udle isisele. Nini i-formic acid (5ml/kg) yengezwe kufulawa wefulawa, i-LAB yehla ngo-55 futhi i-pH ikhuphuke isuka ku-3.70 yaya ku-3.91. Umthelela ojwayelekile wei-formic acid kuma-silage raw materials ane-low water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content. Kulolu cwaningo, belapha i-alfalfa silage ngezinga eliphansi (1.5ml/kg), eliphakathi (3.0ml/kg), naphezulu (6.0ml/kg)85 i-formic acid. Imiphumela I-pH ibiphansi kunaleyo yeqembu lokulawula, kodwa ngokunyuka kwe-i-formic acidukuhlushwa, i-pH yehla isuka ku-5.35 yaya ku-4.20. Ukuze uthole izitshalo eziningi ezivikelwe, njengotshani obunemidumba, i-asidi eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kwehlise i-pH ezingeni elidingekayo. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi izinga elifanele lokusetshenziswa kwe-alfalfa ngu-5~6ml/kg.
2.2 Imiphumela yei-formic acid ku-microflora
Njengamanye ama-fatty acids, umphumela we-antibacterial wei-formic acid kungenxa yemiphumela emibili, enye iwumphumela wokuhlushwa kwe-hydrogen ion, kanti enye iwukukhethwa kwama-asidi angakhululekile kubhaktheriya. Ochungechungeni olufanayo lwe-fatty acid, ukuhlushwa kwe-hydrogen ion kuncipha ngokunyuka kwesisindo samangqamuzana, kodwa umphumela we-antibacterial uyakhula, futhi le mpahla ingakhuphuka okungenani ibe yi-C12 acid. Kwanqunywa ukuthii-formic acid ibe nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwamagciwane lapho inani le-pH lalingu-4. Indlela yepuleti lemithambeka ikala umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwanei-formic acid, futhi wathola ukuthi izinhlobo ezikhethiwe ze-Pediococcus ne-Streptococcus zonke zazivinjelwei-formic acidizinga lika-4.5ml/kg. Kodwa-ke, i-lactobacilli (L. Buchneri L. Cesei kanye ne-L. platarum) ayizange ivinjwe ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ze-Bacillus subtilis, i-Bacillus pumilis, ne-B. Brevis zikwazi ukukhula ngo-4.5ml/kg we i-formic acid. Ukwengezwa kwe 85 i-formic acid(4ml/kg) kanye ne-50 sulfuric acid (3ml/kg), ngokulandelana, yehlise i-pH yesilaji kuya kumazinga afanayo, futhi yathola ukuthi i-formic acid ivimbela kakhulu umsebenzi we-LAB (66g/kgDM eqenjini le-formic acid, i-122 eqenjini lokulawula , i-102 eqenjini le-sulfuric acid), ngaleyo ndlela igcina inani elikhulu le-WSC (211g / kg eqenjini le-formic acid, i-12 eqenjini lokulawula, i-12 eqenjini le-asidi). Iqembu le-sulfuric acid linama-64), elingahlinzeka ngemithombo yamandla eyengeziwe ekukhuleni kwezinambuzane ze-rumen. Imvubelo inokubekezelela okukhethekilei-formic acid, kanye nenani elikhulu lalezi zinto eziphilayo zatholakala ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zesileji eziphathwe ngamazinga atuswayo wei-formic acid. Ukuba khona kanye nomsebenzi we-yeast ku-silage akudingekile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, imvubelo ivundisa ushukela ukuze ithole amandla, ikhiqize i-ethanol futhi inciphise izinto ezomile.I-Formic acid inomphumela obalulekile ovimbelayo ku-Clostridium difficile kanye namagciwane amathumbu, kodwa amandla omphumela ancike ekugxilweni kwe-asidi esetshenzisiwe, nokugxila okuphansii-formic acid empeleni ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-heterobacteria ethile. Ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela i-enterobacter, ukungezwa kwei-formic acid i-pH encishisiwe, kodwa inani le-enterobacter alikwazanga ukuncishiswa, kodwa ukukhula okusheshayo kwamagciwane e-lactic acid avimbela i-enterobacter, ngoba umphumelai-formic acid ku-enterobacter yayingaphansi kwamagciwane e-lactic acid. Baqaphela ukuthi amazinga aphakathi (3 kuya ku-4ml/kg) wei-formic acid ingase ivimbele amagciwane e-lactic acid ngaphezu kwe-enterobacter, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi ekuvubeleni; Iphakeme kancane i-formic acid Amazinga avimbela kokubili i-Lactobacillus ne-enterobacter. Ngocwaningo lwe-ryegrass engapheli enokuqukethwe kwe-DM engama-360g/kg, kwatholakala ukuthii-formic acid (3.5g/kg) inganciphisa inani eliphelele lama-microorganisms, kodwa inomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwamagciwane e-lactic acid. Izinyanda ezinkulu ze-alfalfa (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage zaphathwa nge-formic acid (4.0 ml/kg, 8.0ml/kg). I-silage ifakwe i-clostridium ne-Aspergillus flavus. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-120,i-formic acid ayizange ibe nomthelela enanini le-clostridium, kodwa ibe nokuvinjelwa okuphelele kokugcina.I-Formic acid futhi ikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-Fusarium bacteria.
2.3 Imiphumela yeI-Formic acidekubunjweni kwesisele Imiphumela yei-formic acid ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali e-silage kuyehluka ngokwezinga lokufakwa kwesicelo, izinhlobo zezitshalo, isigaba sokukhula, okuqukethwe kwe-DM ne-WSC, kanye nenqubo ye-silage.
Ezintweni ezivunwa nge-chain flail, ziphansii-formic acid Ukwelashwa kungasebenzi kakhulu ngokumelene neClostridium, evimbela ukuwohloka kwamaprotheni, futhi amazinga aphezulu kuphela e-formic acid angalondolozwa ngempumelelo. Ngezinto eziqoshwe kahle, wonke ama-silage aphethwe nge-formic acid alondolozwa kahle. Okuqukethwe kwe-DM, amaprotheni nitrogen ne-lactic acid kui-formic acidiqembu anda, kuyilapho okuqukethwei-acetic acid kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen yehlisiwe. Ngokukhula kwei-formic acid ukugxila,i-acetic acid futhi i-lactic acid yehla, i-WSC ne-protein nitrogen anda. Ninii-formic acid (4.5ml/kg) yengezwe ku-alfalfa silage, uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, okuqukethwe kwe-lactic acid kwehle kancane, ushukela oncibilikayo wanda, nezinye izakhi azizange zishintshe kakhulu. Nini i-formic acid yengezwe ezitshalweni ezinothe nge-WSC, ukuvutshelwa kwe-lactic acid kwakunamandla futhi i-silage yayigcinwe kahle.I-Formic acid kukhawulelwe ukukhiqizwa kwei-acetic acid kanye ne-lactic acid kanye ne-WSC elondoloziwe. Sebenzisa amazinga ayi-6 (0, 0.4, 1.0,. I-Ryegrass-clover silage enokuqukethwe kwe-DM okungu-203g/kg yelashwe ngei-formic acid (85)kwe-2.0, 4.1, 7.7ml/kg. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-WSC yanda ngokukhuphuka kwezinga le-formic acid, i-ammonia nitrogen ne-acetic acid ngokuphambene nalokho, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-lactic acid kwanda kuqala kwase kwehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi lapho amazinga aphezulu (4.1 no-7.7ml/kg) wei-formic acid kwasetshenziswa, okuqukethwe kwe-WSC ku-silage kwakungu-211 kanye no-250g/kgDM, ngokulandelana, okwedlula i-WSC yokuqala yezinto zokusetshenziswa zesilege (199g/kgDM). Kucatshangwa ukuthi imbangela ingase ibe i-hydrolysis yama-polysaccharides ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Imiphumela I-lactic acid,i-acetic acid kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen ye-silage ngaphakathii-formic acidiqembu belingaphansi kancane kunalawo aseqenjini lokulawula, kodwa libe nomthelela omncane kwezinye izingxenye. Ibhali lonke kanye nommbila okuvunwe esigabeni sokuvuthwa kwe-wax kufakwe i-85 formic acid (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlkg-1), kanti okuqukethwe kukashukela oncibilikayo kufulawa wommbila kwanda kakhulu, kuyilapho okuqukethwe yi-lactic acid, i-acetic acid kanye i-ammonia nitrogen iyancipha. Okuqukethwe kwe-lactic acid ku-barley silage kwehle kakhulu, i-ammonia nitrogen kanyei-acetic acid futhi yehla, kodwa hhayi ngokusobala, futhi ushukela oncibilikayo wanda.
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Ukuhlolwa kuqinisekise ngokugcwele ukuthi ukungezwa kwe i-formic acidi-silage yaba nenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ukudla ngokuzithandela kwe-silage dry matter kanye nokusebenza kwemfuyo. Ukungezai-formic acidi-silage ngokuqondile ngemva kokuvuna ingakhuphula ukugayeka okubonakalayo kwe-organic matter 7, kuyilapho i-silage ebunayo ikhula kuphela 2. Uma ukugaya amandla kucatshangelwa, ukwelashwa kwe-formic acid kuba ngcono ngaphansi kuka-2. Ngemva kokuhlolwa okuningi, kukholakala ukuthi idatha ukugayeka kokudla okuphilayo kuchemile ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukuvutshelwa. Ukuhlolwa kokuphakelayo kuphinde kwakhombisa ukuthi ukuzuzwa kwesisindo esijwayelekile semfuyo bekungama-71 kanti i-silage ebolayo yayingama-27. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisele se-formic acid sithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi2. Ukuhlolwa kokuphakela nge-hay kanye ne-formic acid elungiselelwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanayo kwabonisa ukuthi i-silage ingakhuphula isivuno sobisi lwezinkomo zobisi. Ukukhuphuka kwephesenti lokusebenza kui-formic acid Ukwelashwa kwakuphansi ekukhiqizeni ubisi kunenzuzo yesisindo. Ukwengeza inani elanele le-formic acid ezitshalweni ezinzima (njengotshani onyawo lwenkukhu, i-alfalfa) kunomphumela osobala kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwemfuyo. Imiphumela yei-formic acid ukwelashwa kwe-alfalfa silage (3.63 ~ 4.8ml/kg) kubonise ukuthi ukugayeka kokudla okuphilayo, ukuthathwa kwento eyomile kanye nokuzuza kwansuku zonke kwe-formic acid silage ezinkomeni nasezimvini kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunalezo eziseqenjini lokulawula.
Inzuzo yansuku zonke yezimvu eqenjini elilawulayo yaze yabonisa ukwanda okungekuhle. Ukwengezwa kwe-formic acid ezitshalweni ezicebile ze-WSC ezinokuqukethwe kwe-DM ephakathi (190-220g/kg) ngokuvamile akunawo umthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kwemfuyo. I-Ryegrass silage ene-formic acid (2.6ml/kg) yenziwa ekuhlolweni kokuphakela. Nakubai-formic acid i-silage ikhulise isisindo somzimba 11 uma iqhathaniswa nokulawula, umehluko wawungabalulekile. Ukugaya kwezisele ezimbili zikalwa ezimvini kwakufana kakhulu. Ukuphakela izinkomo zobisi i-silage yommbila kwabonisa lokhoi-formic acidukwanda kancane kokufakwa kwe-silage okomile, kodwa akuzange kube nomthelela ekukhiqizeni ubisi. Kunolwazi oluncane mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandlai-fomic acid silage. Ekuhlolweni kwezimvu, ukuhlangana kwamandla okuguquguqukayo kwento eyomile kanye nokusebenza kahle kokugcinwa kwesisele bekungaphezulu kwalokho kotshani notshani obuvunwe ezikhathini ezintathu zokukhula. Izivivinyo zokuqhathanisa inani lamandla nge-hay kanye ne-formic acid silage abonisanga mehluko ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqula amandla e-metabolic abe amandla engqikithi. Ukwengezwa kwe-formic acid etshanini obudlayo kungasiza ukuvikela amaprotheni abo.
Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-formic acid notshani ne-alfalfa kungathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen esiselejini, kodwa akuzange kube nomthelela omkhulu ekugayeni ukudla. Izinga lokuwohloka kwe-ennsilage nitrogen ephathwa nge-formic acid ku-rumen ibalelwa ku-50 ~ 60 % wesamba se-nitrogen.
Kungabonakala ukuthi amandla nokusebenza kahle kwe-formic acid silage ekuhlanganiseni kwe-rumen yamaprotheni e-thallus kuyancishiswa. Izinga eliguquguqukayo lokuwohloka kwezinto ezomile ku-rumen liye laba ngcono kakhului-fomic acid silage. Nakuba i-formic acid silage inganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia, inganciphisa futhi ukugayeka kokudla kwamaprotheni ku-rumen nasemathunjini.
4. Ukuxuba umphumela we i-formic acid neminye imikhiqizo
4.1I-Formic acid futhi i-formaldehyde ixubene ekukhiqizeni, futhi i-formic acidiyodwa isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-silage, ebizayo futhi ebolayo; Ukugayeka kokudla kanye nokudla kwento eyomile kwemfuyo kuye kwancipha lapho isisele silashwa ngokugxila okuphezulu i-formic acid. Ukugxila okuphansi kwe-formic acid kukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-clostridium. Kukholelwa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-formic acid ne-formaldehyde ene-concentration ephansi inomphumela ongcono. I-Formic acid isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengesivimbeli sokuvubela, kuyilapho i-formaldehyde ivikela amaprotheni ekuboleni ngokweqile ku-rumen.
Uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula, inzuzo yansuku zonke yanda ngo-67 futhi isivuno sobisi sanda ngokungeza i-formic acid ne-formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) wenza ingxube ye-rygrassi-formic acid i-silage (3.14g/kg) kanye ne-formic acid (2.86g/kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g/kg), futhi yalinganisa ukugayeka kwesisele ngezimvu, futhi yenza ukuhlolwa kokuphakelayo ngezinkomo ezikhulayo. Imiphumela Kube nomehluko omncane ekugayekeni phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zesisele, kodwa amandla e-metabolizable e-formic-formaldehyde silage ayephezulu kakhului-fomic acid silage yedwa. Ukuthathwa kwamandla okuguquguqukayo kanye nenzuzo yansuku zonke ye-formic-formaldehyde silage bekungaphezulu kakhulu i-formic acid i-silage yodwa lapho izinkomo ziphakelwa i-silage kanye nebhali yengezwe nge-1.5 kg ngosuku. Isengezo esixubile esiqukethe cishe u-2.8ml/kg wei-formic acid kanye nezinga eliphansi le-formaldehyde (cishe i-19g/kg yeprotheyini) ingaba inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu ezitshalweni zamadlelo.
4.2I-Formic acid exutshwe nama-biological agents Inhlanganisela yei-formic acid kanye nezithasiselo zebhayoloji zingathuthukisa kakhulu ukwakheka komsoco we-silage. I-Cattail grass (DM 17.2) yasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, i-formic acid kanye ne-lactobacillus yengezwe ku-silage. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amagciwane e-lactic acid akhiqiza kakhulu esigabeni sokuqala se-silage, okwaba nomthelela omuhle ekuvimbeleni ukuvutshelwa kwama-microorganisms amabi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe kwe-lactic acid yokugcina yesisele kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunesisele esivamile ne-formic acid silage, izinga le-lactic acid lenyuka ngo-50 ~ 90, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-propyl, i-butyric acid ne-ammonia nitrogen kwehle kakhulu. . Isilinganiso se-lactic acid ne-acetic acid (L/A) senyuke kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi amabhaktheriya e-lactic acid andisa izinga lokuvutshelwa okulinganayo ngesikhathi se-silage.
5 Isifinyezo
Kungabonakala kulokhu okungenhla ukuthi inani elifanele le-formic acid ku-silage lihlobene nezinhlobo zezitshalo kanye nezikhathi zokuvuna ezihlukene. Ukwengezwa kwe-formic acid kunciphisa i-pH, okuqukethwe kwe-ammonia nitrogen, futhi kugcine ushukela omningi oncibilikayo. Nokho, umphumela wanezelai-formic acidmayelana nokugaywa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusebenza kokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo kusazoqhutshekwa kucwaningwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-06-2024